A $$200$$ $$mm$$ long down sprue has an area of cross section of $$650$$ $$m{m^2}$$ where the pouring basin meets the down sprue (i.e. at the beginning of the down sprue). A constant head of molten metal is maintaining by the pouring basin. The molten metal flow rate is $$6.5 \times {10^5}\,\,\,m{m^3}/s.$$ considering the end of down sprue to be open to atmosphere and an acceleration due to gravity of $${10^4}mm/{s^2},$$ the area of the down sprue in $$m{m^2}$$ at its end (avoiding aspiration effects) should be

If a particular $$Fe$$-$$C$$ alloy contains less than $$0.83$$% carbon, it is called

Volume of a cube of a side $$''l''$$ and volume of sphere of radius $$' r '$$ are equal. Both the cube and the sphere are solid and same material. They are being cast. The ratio of the solidification time of the cube to the same of the sphere is

In a sand casting operation, the total liquid head is maintained constant such that it is equal to the mould height. The time taken to fill the mould with a top gate is $${t_A}.$$ If the same mould is filed with a bottom gate, then the time taken is $${t_B}.$$ Ignore the time required to fill the runner and frictional effects. Assume atmospheric pressure at the top molten metal surfaces. The relation between the $${t_A}$$ and $${t_B}$$ is