Consider the following two sets of LR(1) items of an LR(1) grammar.

$$\eqalign{ & X \to c.X,\,c/d\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,X \to c.X,\$ \cr & X \to .cX,c/d\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,X \to .cX,\$ \cr & X \to .d,c/d\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,X \to .d,\$ \cr} $$

Which of the following statements related to merging of the two sets in the corresponding LALR parser is/are FALSE?

1. Cannot be merged since look aheads are different.
2. Can be merged but will result in S-R conflict.
3. Can be merged but will result in R-R conflict.
4. Cannot be merged since goto on c will lead to two different sets.

The grammar $$S \to aSa\,|\,\,bS\,|\,\,c$$ is

An LALR(1) parser for a grammar G can have shift-reduce (S-R) conflicts if and only if

Consider the grammar with non-terminals N = { S, C, S₁ }, terminals T = { a, b, i, t, e }, with S as the start symbol, and the following set of rules:

$$\eqalign{ & S \to iCtS{S_1}\,|\,\,a \cr & {S_1} \to eS\,|\,\,\varepsilon \cr & C \to b \cr} $$

The grammar is NOT LL(1) because: