Apogamy

Cleistogamy

Geitonogamy

Xenogamy

Floral fragrance and calcium crystals

Protein pellicle and stigmatic exudates

Colour and large size of flower

Nectar and pollen grains

The flowers pollinated by files and bats secrete foul odour to attract them.

Honey is made by bees by digesting pollen collected from flowers.

Pollen grains are rich in nutrients and they are used in the form of tablets and syrups.

Pollen grains of some plants cause severe allergies and bronchial afflictions in some people.

dry stigma

wet stigma

hollow style

solid style.